Power System Protection and Switchgear: An Essential Resource for Engineers and Students (ebook free

The worldwide growth in demand for electricity has forced the pace of developments in electrical power system design to meet consumer needs for reliable, secure and cheap supplies. Power system protection, as a technology essential to high quality supply, is widely recognised as a specialism of growing and often critical importance, in which power system needs and technological progress have combined to result in rapid developments in policy and practice in recent years. In the United Kingdom, the need for appropriate training in power system protection was recognised in the early 1960s with the launch of a correspondence course from which these books emerged and have since developed designed to meet the needs of protection staff throughout the world. The Electricity Training Association, in response to the important recent developments in the field of protection, have now commissioned an additional volume covering digital technology. The existing three volumes, of which this is the second, have been reviewed by leading authorities within the electricity supply industry and electrical manufacturing companies in the UK and, with the new fourth volume, the new edition gives a comprehensive and up-to-date treatment of the subject, covering theory, analytical and design principles, equipment design and application and protection management.

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Construction of the British 275 kV supergrid system began in about 1953, by which time standard principles of busbar protection had been adopted for outdoor switchgear at the higher voltages. At this time the emphasis was placed on the avoidance of unwanted operations in order to give maximum security of supply. With the introduction of 400 kV substations in the 1960s, the transient stability of generators became the more important consideration and this led to a change of emphasis so that fast operating times and reliable operation would be obtained for a fault occurring within the protected zone, which in this case would be the busbars and switchgear.

This chapter deals with the general characteristics of motors, reactors, boosters and capacitors, with the application of such plant to a closely interconnected power system and with the selection and application of suitable automatic protective equipment for the plant concerned. To specify adequate protection it is necessary to have an appreciation of the way in which the plant is constructed, its character istics and how it is incorporated in the system, and so a significant proportion of the chapter is devoted to these aspects. The main function of automatic protection is the detection of a fault condition, and, through the opening of the appropriate circuit breakers, the disconnection of the faulty item of plant from the remainder of the system. Coupled with this is the need to limit to an absolute minimum the damage caused to the affected equipment. Whilst discrimination is, without doubt, the most important requirement of any protective system, the need for rapid operation is frequently a consideration of almost equal importance, bearing in mind the need to minimise damage, to safe guard system stability and to reduce as much as possible the risk to life and limb. 2ff7e9595c